This handbook was developed in response to the emerging threats posed by and the complexities around the increasing levels of Foreign Malign Influence (FMI) incidents across the world, but Africa in particular.
As FMI actors and their agents adopt more sophisticated tactics and pathways, aided partly by new and emerging technologies such as the Internet and Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI), it is critical that stakeholders involved in detecting and countering FMI become more aware and equipped with the trends, patterns and strategies on how to effectively respond to these new threats. This handbook is designed to provide actors with the some tools
and tactics that will enable them appreciate and effectively respond to the challenges posed by foreign malign influence in today’s interconnected world.
